Manajemen Pembelajaran PAK bagi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus: Kajian Manajerial, Pedagogis, dan Teologis di SLBN Pembina Kota Kupang

Abstract

Quality education is a constitutional right of every Indonesian citizen, including children with special needs (CSN). In practice, however, the implementation of Christian Religious Education (CRE) for CSN in Special Schools still faces systemic challenges that have rarely been studied, particularly from a simultaneously managerial and theological perspective. This study aims to analyze in depth the management of CRE learning for CSN at SSNS Pembina Kupang City, which serves five disability categories: visual impairment, hearing impairment, intellectual disability, physical disability, and autism. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, classroom observations, and documentation involving four purposively selected research subjects: one principal and three CRE teachers. Data validity was ensured through source triangulation and technique triangulation, and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. The findings reveal that CRE learning management at SSNS Pembina Kupang is carried out through three stages: (1) individual assessment-based planning, in which teachers design lesson plans tailored to each child's type and level of disability; (2) multisensory adaptive implementation, using methods and media selected situationally based on each child's sensory, cognitive, and emotional conditions; and (3) continuous daily evaluation, conducted every day due to the fluctuating emotional conditions of CSN, which cannot be standardized. The novelty of this study lies in its simultaneous integration of three perspectives: managerial, pedagogical, and biblical-theological, which has not been found in previous similar studies in Indonesia. These findings contribute to the development of an inclusive and adaptive CRE learning model and provide a basis for policy recommendations for teachers, schools, and parents in accompanying CSN.

Keywords: adaptive evaluation; children with special needs; christian religious education; learning management; special school

Abstrak

Pendidikan yang berkualitas merupakan hak konstitusional setiap warga negara Indonesia, termasuk anak berkebutuhan khusus (ABK). Namun dalam praktiknya, implementasi Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) bagi ABK di Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB) masih menghadapi tantangan sistemik yang belum banyak dikaji, khususnya dari perspektif manajerial sekaligus teologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis secara mendalam manajemen pembelajaran PAK bagi ABK di SLBN Pembina Kota Kupang, yang melayani lima kategori ketunaan: tunanetra, tunarungu, tunagrahita, tunadaksa, dan autisme. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi kelas, dan dokumentasi terhadap empat subjek penelitian, yaitu satu kepala sekolah dan tiga guru PAK, yang dipilih secara purposive. Keabsahan data dijamin melalui triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi teknik, serta dianalisis menggunakan model interaktif Miles, Huberman, dan Saldana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa manajemen pembelajaran PAK di SLBN Pembina Kupang dilaksanakan melalui tiga tahapan: (1) perencanaan berbasis asesmen individual, di mana guru merancang RPP yang disesuaikan dengan jenis dan tingkat ketunaan setiap peserta didik; (2) pelaksanaan adaptif multisensori, dengan pemilihan metode dan media yang disesuaikan secara situasional berdasarkan kondisi sensoris, kognitif, dan emosional anak; serta (3) evaluasi harian berkelanjutan, yang dilakukan setiap hari karena kondisi emosional ABK bersifat fluktuatif dan tidak dapat distandarkan. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi tiga perspektif secara simultan: manajerial, pedagogis, dan teologis-Alkitabiah, yang belum dijumpai dalam penelitian sejenis di Indonesia. Temuan ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan model pembelajaran PAK yang inklusif dan adaptif, serta menjadi dasar rekomendasi kebijakan bagi guru, sekolah, dan orang tua dalam mendampingi ABK

Kata kunci: anak berkebutuhan khusus; evaluasi adaptif; manajemen pembelajaran; pendidikan agama kristen; sekolah luar biasa